1959 to 1966: Building a New Community in West Philadelphia
In the interim, the City of Philadelphia, its Housing Authority, and its School District shared a vision for the land bounded by 44th Street on the east, 46th Street on the west, Market Street on the south, and Haverford Avenue on the north. They worked together to provide housing, recreation, health care, and education for the residents of West Philadelphia. The vision was transformational and required great confidence in the goals of urban redevelopment. It took seven years to complete, but by 1966 the planners’ dreams had been realized.
The first of the four elements to be established and opened to the public was the "John A. Lee Recreation Center," which fronted on the 19th century entrance to the Hospital grounds at 44th Street and Haverford Avenue. The City of Philadelphia invested more than $500,000 in the Center, retaining Matthew McConnell’s 1794 brick mansion and adapting it for the Center’s administrative offices and for community activities and meeting space. The City also constructed a public swimming pool and an adjoining changing-room building and landscaped the grounds facing Haverford Avenue, leveling and sodding where necessary, and installed playing fields for baseball and other sports. In late June 1961, Mayor Richardson Dilworth, City Council President James H.J. Tate, and other elected officials conducted the opening ceremonies for the Center, which was named for a pioneering African American community leader, the late John A. Lee, who had lived in the neighborhood all his adult life and who had died in 1958 at the age of 73.214 The John A. Lee Recreation Center met a significant need in the dense urban environment which bordered it north of Haverford Avenue. The Center has continued to the present day, though it is more often referred to now as the "Lee Cultural Center."
The second phase of the plan was also the largest and most expensive. After clearing the site of the old Pennsylvania Hospital buildings – and following other delays – the Philadelphia Housing Authority, in September 1961, finally began construction of the centerpiece of the new development,215
Project Starts at Kirkbride’s
Public Housing to Cost $6.7 Million
The Philadelphia Housing Authority yesterday announced the start of construction of the $6.7 million Westpark Project at 44th and Market sts. The authority will build three 19-story tower buildings on 11.4 acres of the old Pennsylvania Hospital site in West Philadelphia. The site, known as Kirkbride’s, fronts on Market st. between 44th and 45th sts. and runs to Haverford av.
Thomas J. McCoy, the authority’s executive director, said the apartment towers will contain a total of 381 low rental units. McCoy said 42 efficiency and 59 one-bedroom apartments will be set aside for older persons. The remainder of the apartments will have two and three bedroom apartments, he said.
The city already has opened a recreation center adjacent to the Westpark site and the Board of Education is planning to build an elementary school and vocational high school in the area.
The McNichol Paving and Construction Co. has been awarded a $3.7 million prime contract for the project.
A search of the Philadelphia newspapers did not find documentation of the dedicatory ceremonies for the Westpark Apartments, but it seems as though the three towers of Westpark opened in the fall of 1963. By that time a new, local, public school was well on its way to becoming a reality.
The School District of Philadelphia was the third partner in the City’s vision for the former Pennsylvania Hospital site. In March 1958 the School District purchased from the Insurance Company of North America (INA) the same parcel of 9.74 acres which INA had purchased from the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1949.216 The purchase price was $500,000, with INA realizing a $225,000 profit on its investment. Planning for and funding the new school took several years, but in September 1965, the Philadelphia Tribune, Philadelphia’s African American newspaper, announced its opening,217
Schools Open Thurs. Sept. 9, Enrollment Up
4 New Buildings Ready; Two in Negro Sections
Four new schools, two of them in predominately Negro neighborhoods, will open their doors for the first time on Thursday, Sept. 9, as an estimated $273,000 public school pupils troop back into the city’s classrooms.
The projected enrollment is up about 13,000 from last June.
It is not a record, however, because in February the school system graduated its last mid-year class, about 15,000, with no class to replace them.
Last September’s record enrollment hit 277,890.
The Negro area schools are George Clymer and Alain Locke.
The $1.5 million Alain Locke School, 46th st. and Haverford ave., has room for 1,190 elementary pupils and 140 in kindergarten.
Charles E. Thompson, former principal at the Dunlap School, has been named principal at Locke. …
Alain LeRoy Locke (1885 – 1954), the African American hero for whom the school was named, was truly a remarkable citizen and scholar. He was educated in the public schools of Philadelphia, graduating in 1902 from Central High School, the city’s public high school for the academically gifted. In 1907 he earned the degree of bachelor of arts from Harvard University, majoring in English and philosophy. More significantly he was inducted into the Harvard chapter of Phi Beta Kappa and named the first African American Rhodes Scholar. After four years’ study in England and Europe, he returned to the United States and an assistant professorship at Howard University, in Washington, D.C. In 1916 he entered Harvard’s Ph.D. program in philosophy and two years later earned the degree of doctor of philosophy. Howard University invited him back to its faculty as chair of its Department of Philosophy. He held that position until his retirement in 1953. Locke was one of the leading figures in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and wrote and published prolifically throughout the 1920s and 1930s. His life and achievements were without doubt an extraordinary role model for the West Philadelphia community.
Likewise, the first principal of the Locke School, Charles Elisha Thompson (1915 – 1984), was well regarded and a proven leader in the School District of Philadelphia. Thompson, though a native and resident of Camden, New Jersey, joined the Philadelphia school system in 1948 as a teacher. After ten years of teaching elementary school he was named principal of the Nathaniel Hawthorne School in South Philadelphia. In 1963 he took the principal’s post at the Thomas Dunlap School at 51st and Race Streets in West Philadelphia. After just two years at Dunlap, he was named principal of the new Locke School. He demonstrated his leadership right away, hosting, at Locke, in January 1966, the Educational Improvement Program (EIP). EIP was "designed to provide small classes, qualified teachers, extra books, and other materials to give impetus to greater achievement by pupils in the 68 participating elementary schools."218 Over 500 educators attended the program and Thompson was deeply appreciative of the turnout. He served as principal of the Locke School for six years, leaving in 1971 to become principal of the Henry C. Lea School at 47th and Locust Streets. While at the Lea School he continued his education and in May 1981 he earned a doctorate in education from the University of Pennsylvania. He was still the chief administrator at the Lea School at the time of his death.219
The fourth and final element in the City’s plan for the new, model community was provision for health care. In October 1964, the following story was published in the Philadelphia newspapers,220
U.S. Gives City $242,333 For W. Phila. Health Center
A federal grant of $242,333 has been awarded to help finance a new public health center for West Philadelphia. Announcement of the allocation, provided under the Hill-Burton public health service program, came yesterday from the Washington office of Sen. Joseph S. Clark (D-Pa).
According to city Health Commissioner Dr. Norman R. Ingraham, the new center will replace "very inadequate facilities in a renovated funeral parlor at 41st st. and Haverford av." There are 200,000 persons in the West Philadelphia health district, Dr. Ingraham said.
The new center will be built as part of a redevelopment project between 43rd and 46th sts., and Market st. and Haverford av. A new elementary school, recreational center and high-rise housing unit will also be constructed on the site.
Preliminary sketches for a two-story, modern health center have already been submitted by the architects, Suer, Livingston and Demas, of Philadelphia, Dr. Ingraham said. He said that construction should begin within the next six months and should be completed a year from then.
The city is matching the federal funds, two-thirds to one-third, as stipulated in the Hill-Burton Act. The estimated total cost for the new center is $747,199.
Two years later, that is, in October 1966, the new health center was ready for occupancy,221
City to Open Health Center in West Phila.
A new city health center staffed by more than 80 physicians, nurses, dental hygienists, sanitarians, health educators and technicians will open Monday at 4400 Haverford Avenue. Dr. Norman R. Ingraham, city health commissioner, said today that the new brick, concrete and glass structure will serve as District 4 Health Center. It will replace an antiquated building at 41st st. and Haverford av. which formerly provided health services for about 200,000 residents in West Philadelphia.
The new building will have the latest medical equipment and new furniture, including an automatic film processor to speed development and reading of x-ray films. Among other features of the new health center will be an air light which floods the interior of the building with natural lighting and a split level design utilizing the natural topography of the site to the best advantage. The building is air conditioned.
Dr. Rotan Lee is director of Health District 4.
The new health center was another major advance for the West Philadelphia community and Rotan Lee, M.D. (1906 – after 1971) was another outstanding leader in Philadelphia’s African American community.222 A native of Pike County, Pennsylvania, Dr. Lee earned the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1928 from Pennsylvania State University and the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1938 from Howard University, in Washington, D.C. In 1938-39, he interned at Mercy Hospital, in Southwest Philadelphia, and in 1939-40, he was chief resident surgeon at Douglass Hospital, in South Philadelphia (these two African American hospitals merged in March 1948 and became known as the Mercy-Douglass Hospital on the grounds of the former Mercy at 50th Street and Woodland Avenue in Southwest Philadelphia). In 1947 the City of Philadelphia named Dr. Lee a District Health Officer and chief administrator of the Department of Public Health’s consolidated Health Center at 20th and Berks Streets in North Philadelphia (which, in later years, became known as District Health Center 5). By 1966 Dr. Lee was the chief administrator of both District Health Centers 4 and 5.
In 2009, the Lee recreation center, the Westpark apartments, the Locke school, and the district health center continue as they were first planned and constructed. They provide for the basic human needs of the community that inhabits the Westpark housing, as well as the surrounding community. They embody the commitment of the local government to the people of Philadelphia. Most of all, they represent a transformation in American life and culture concerning the proper role of private and public institutions.
1966 to 1983: Growth, Decline, and Departure of the Provident Mutual Life Insurance Company
On the west side of 46th Street, the Provident Mutual Life Insurance Company, like most American businesses, experienced a difficult decade in the 1930s, but renewed prosperity in the 1940s and 1950s. By the early 1960s, Provident Mutual’s executives decided it was time to enlarge their corporate headquarters. In December 1962, the Philadelphia newspapers published the following article,223
Insurance Firm to Expand at 46th & Market
The home office of Provident Mutual Life Insurance Co. of Philadelphia, 46th and Market sts., is about to undergo a year-long building program that will add 40,000 square feet of floor space to its present 244,000 square feet. Plans by the architectural firm of Hoyle, Doran and Berry call for filling in the court between the center and north wings of the E-shaped main building and the expansion of lunchroom facilities in the nearby service building.
The structural change is the second phase of a program that began early this year when the building was completely air conditioned. Turner Construction Co. has the general contract for the work, expected to be completed in January 1964.
When Provident Mutual first occupied the building in 1928, there were 532 home office employees. Today there are more than 1,000 and the company expects an additional large increase in personnel over the next 10 years to handle expanding business.
Provident Mutual’s renovated facilities served it for another two decades, but in 1983 the company announced that it was moving back to Center City and donating its buildings and property to a new educational foundation, anchored by two historically significant African American colleges. The news made national headlines,224
Insurer Donates Campus to Two Colleges
West Phila. Site Will Be Urban School
by
Gregory R. Byrnes, Inquirer Staff WriterProvident Mutual Life Insurance Co. is donating its West Philadelphia headquarters, valued at $35 million to $40 million, to a newly formed black education foundation led by Cheyney and Lincoln Universities.
The gift is expected to be announced at a news conference scheduled for 2:30 p.m. today in the Roosevelt Room of the White House.
At the conference President Reagan is expected to announce a $5 million federal grant to the new organization, called the Urban Education Foundation of Philadelphia, according to administration officials interviewed last week.
Provident Mutual's donation is believed to be the largest gift ever made by an U.S. corporation to black higher education, James Coyne, director of the White House Office of Private Sector Initiatives, said last week.
The foundation plans to use Provident Mutual's two buildings and 22 acres of grounds at 46th and Market Streets as an urban campus for the education, training and job-development needs of minorities in the Philadelphia region, according to John A. Miller, chairman and president of Provident Mutual.
Provident has previously announced plans to relocate its 900 headquarters employees to Center City by the end of the year.
State and City Help
The education foundation is expected to take over the West Philadelphia site Jan. 1 [1984], but will not hold classes there until the summer or fall. The federal funds are earmarked for renovation of the buildings and to cover start-up administrative costs.
In addition to the federal aid, the foundation is expected to receive a total of $2.5 million from Pennsylvania over the next five years.
The state money has been pledged to Cheyney, which, in turn, will use it toward the establishment of the urban education center. Lincoln will also divert several hundred thousand dollars that it receives from the state to the foundation.
Miller said the foundation intended to establish ties with the University City Science Center and the School District of Philadelphia. It may also establish cooperative programs with other educational institutions, such as Drexel University and the University of Pennsylvania.
"The plan is that Cheyney and Lincoln will share the facility to carry out their educational and job-training goals in the city, including pre- and post- graduate training, with emphasis on career-oriented technology, such as computer programming," he said. "There will be a heavy focus on the needs of the residents of the West Philadelphia community."
Miller said he was "delighted" that the West Philadelphia site will be used for educational purposes.
'One Commitment'
"If there is one commitment we made at the time of our decision to move, it was the commitment to ensure that Provident Mutual’s home for the last half-century would not be abandoned and would continue to make a contribution to the West Philadelphia community," Miller said. "Our donation to the Urban Education Foundation will fulfill that commitment in the finest possible way."
Miller said Provident Mutual would get a substantial tax write-off – estimated at several million dollars – for its donation, but declined to be more specific.
Provident Mutual's main building at 4601 Market St. was built in 1926. It contains more than 300,000 square feet of space. It is connected to a service building by an underground tunnel.
The service building contains meeting rooms, an auditorium that seats 800, four private dining rooms and a cafeteria that can accommodate 1,000 people. The site also has more than 400 parking spaces, four tennis courts and two softball fields.
Miller said Provident Mutual was moving because the building was outmoded and wasn’t cost-efficient.
If a recipient had not been found for the building, Philadelphia's Redevelopment Authority would have become responsible for its security and maintenance. The city agreed to accept contingent responsibility for the building in return for the company’s agreement to relocate within Philadelphia.
The foundation's board of trustees will be formed under the leadership of Common Pleas Court Judge Harvey N. Schmidt, president of the Council of Trustees of Cheyney University, and Herman R. Branson, president of Lincoln University.
Cheyney and Lincoln, the two oldest black colleges in the nation, have their main campuses in Delaware and Chester Counties, respectively. However, a majority of their students are from Philadelphia.
"This will be of tremendous benefit to both institutions," Branson said. "Philadelphia has the third-largest black community in America. The possibilities for us to aid in developing programs for minorities are endless."
"We are already discussing establishing urban-studies and criminal-justice programs, as well as a Saturday academy for secondary-school students," he said. "We could expose good high school students, even junior high school students, to math, physics and the computer sciences."
Schmidt, who is assigned to Family Court, said the foundation also would open its facilities to the public.
"We're going to have courses that will attack illiteracy," he said. "We're already started getting retired teachers to volunteer their services. We'll use the smaller building as a child-care center. We’ll teach parents parenting, nutrition, health care as well as how to be providers of day care."
"We also intend to establish a tool library," he said. "We'll teach people how to use carpentry, plumbing and other tools and then let them take them out. We'll even have hard-to-find tools that professionals might want to borrow."
Schmidt said several civic and community leaders, including Sister Falakah Fattah, Frances Williams, Domingo Martinez and Father Thomas Logan, would serve on the foundation’s 25-member board of trustees. In addition, the state secretary of education, mayor of Philadelphia, superintendent of schools, and City Council president will be ex-officio members of the board.
Robert C. Woodson, a member of the President's Council on Private Sector Initiatives and a key figure in getting Cheyney and Lincoln to join forces, said the foundation’s location in West Philadelphia would enable "many black youngsters to attend college that would not have previously been able to afford it."
"People in the community feel there is a desperate need to have a black college in Philadelphia," said Woodson. "And as a former West Philadelphia resident and graduate of Cheyney, I know how rough and expensive commuting can be. Transportation costs alone can keep some people from attending college. And studies show that commuter students have a higher rate of attrition than students who live on campus."
Woodson, who is president of the nonprofit National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise in Washington, praised Miller and the Reagan administration for a wise investment of public funds.
"In the past, I have criticized Reagan's people for being low-budget liberals. Now, they are showing they can be a tax investor as well as a tax cutter."
"Jack Miller has shown himself to be a very sensitive and sensible man," he said. "Miller looked around and saw no black higher-education facility in Philadelphia. His decision will enable the city of Philadelphia to fulfill an unmet need."
Coyne, the White House staffer and a former Republican congressman from Bucks County, said the new foundation was a "terrific example" of cooperation between the public and private sectors.
"We started putting this together six months ago," he said. "The highest members of the White House were involved," including Michael Deaver, White House chief of staff James A. Baker 3d and presidential couselor Edwin Meese 3d as well as Commerce Secretary Malcolm Baldridge, Housing and Urban Development Secretary Samuel R. Pierce Jr. and Education Secretary Terrel H. Bell. Sens. John Heinz and Arlen Specter and Gov. Thornburgh "also played a major role," Coyne added.
"Partnerships are hard to do, but when you're successful you get a bigger bang for the buck," Coyne said. "The federal government will get a $10 to $1 payback on the money it’s investing in the West Philadelphia project. And the two universities will get an urban campus and a Philadelphia presence."
"Miller has been super to work with," Coyne said. "He’s a model of how a businessman can be a civic leader for a community. He’s made a tremendous commitment to the city of Philadelphia."
Provident Mutual’s return to Philadelphia’s business district, however, was not without its down side, as this December 1983 report revealed,225
This Move Leaves Many Employees Unsettled
by
Peter Binzen, Inquirer Staff WriterAs Provident Mutual Life Insurance Co. completed its 30-block move from West Philadelphia to Center City on Thursday, most of its 900 workers faced a radically different working environment.
The problem: employees are giving up free lunches and a 22-acre, campus-like setting that included tennis courts and ample free parking at 46th and Market Streets to occupy 10 floors of an office building at 1600 Market Street with about half the work space.
"We've moving from about 400,000 square feet to a little under 200,000," said Jerry Beam, the senior vice president for administration who orchestrated the move. "Every person, including myself, will have a smaller office."
What's more, two of the 10 floors that Provident Mutual will occupy are still unfinished. Beam termed this a "critical problem."
"Right now it’s a juggling act," he said. "We knew it was a critically tight move. We expected to be in better shape than we are."
He said that employees assigned space on the new building's unfinished seventh floor were sent home for several days until their work spaces are ready.
About 750 of Provident Mutual's 900 employees will work at the new building. The others are assigned to a computer center at 3440 Market St. and a print shop and warehouse near Second and Spring Garden Streets.
Where about 100 executives occupied private offices in West Philadelphia, only about 10 will have them in the Center City headquarters, Beam said. The others have been assigned work stations, he said.
He called the new setup more "equitable." Over the years at West Philadelphia, he said, some people ended up with smaller offices than others lower down in the pecking order. Disparities were perceived and, he indicated, they were resented.
"Everyone watches what others have," he said. "We’re back to a new standard of almost equal treatment."
Even so, Beam acknowledged that he expected "a lot of upset" over the move into smaller quarters downtown. When it announced the shift, Provident Mutual said it was making the move because its West Philadelphia building was simply too big for it.
"We had an industrial psychologist meet with employees and address their concerns," he said.
At 46th and Market, Provident Mutual's workers enjoyed free parking privileges and they also were served free lunches in the company cafeteria. Both of these fringe benefits have been lost in the move.
"It impacts on the lifestyle of a lot of people," Beam said of the headquarters shift. "There is a significant negative in people's minds. I think they miss the free parking almost as much as anything else. They were attached to the campus-style life out there, but I think many are now enthusiastic about moving into a new building. Considering the inconvenience and disruptions, they’ve been marvelous about it."
Beam’s office was not ready for occupancy yet nor was that of John A. Miller, the president and chairman. Miller said he will work from an office on the 33d floor until his third-floor office with a view of City Hall is ready.
Miller said Provident Mutual purchased a 25 percent interest in the building, but he declined to say how much it paid. The general partners are Oliver Tyrone Corp. and New York Life Insurance Co.
Yesterday, ownership of the former headquarters property was transferred to a black education foundation created by Cheyney and Lincoln Universities. The property is valued at $40 million.
Although many of the employees have moved, Provident Mutual's boardroom has not. Portions of the boardroom are being painstakingly refinished in a North Philadelphia woodworking shop.
In an undertaking that is costing several hundred thousand dollars, the original boardroom has been carefully dismantled. When the refinishing is done, it will be installed – intricately hand-carved columns, walnut paneling, long mahogany table, chandeliers and all – on the second floor of the company's new headquarters.
"What we're trying to do is bring some of the old building along so there is continuity," said Steven J. Mirman, vice president of Kenneth Parker Associates Inc., the interior-architectural group that is design consultant for Provident Mutual's move. "There's been a real attempt to maintain some connection with the past."
Miller, the insurance company's chairman, said he considered it appropriate to move a "totally traditional" Philadelphia boardroom into a modern black-glass office building.
"The boardroom was built the same year I was born – 1927 – and it’s in better shape," he joked.
The boardroom’s 26 hardwood columns, each 12 feet tall, 13½ inches wide and topped with ornate carvings, and its 57 large wall panels are being refinished at Alexander Woodwork Co., 1529 Parrish St. Refinishing of the 22-foot-long board of directors table is under way at Lawsonia Manufacturing Co., 1106 Spring Garden St. Custom Art Metals of Barrington, N.J., has the job of rewiring and polishing the room’s two bronze chandeliers as well as a silver chandelier and wall sconces taken from Miller's office.
Richard Herskovitz, 40, a partner at Alexander Woodwork, said it took four weeks to dismantle the boardroom.
"Every item that was removed had to be categorized," he said. "One draftsperson worked fulltime marking things." He said the mark "SW" on certain panels, for example, will remind workers that sections of the south wall of the old boardroom will become the west wall of the new one.
Four hardwood finishers will spend two months readying the walls, columns, cornices, window sashes, doorway arches and other parts for installation at 1600 Market, he said.
Herskovitz said his company, which employs 50 workers, is taking special pains to preserve the columns and panels. The wood is stained with walnut stain, then given a coating of shellac, a lacquer sealer and lacquer, he said. For the "capitals" atop the columns, shellac is dissolved in alcohol and then brushed into the carved crevices.
The refinishing job has been complicated, Herskovitz said, by the fact that the new boardroom, 46 feet long, is four feet shorter than the old one. As a result, his woodworkers have had to reduce the width of many panels.
Alexander Woodwork will also spend many weeks on installation. The job is expected to be completed in April.
Herskowitz said the company's contract was for $270,000 but because the dismantling went smoother than expected, "we returned some money." He wouldn’t say how much.
This article seems to show that Provident Mutual, in the recession year of 1983, was actively cutting costs, reducing overhead, and preparing also to "downsize" its work force. Subsequent events certainly conform to this interpretation. The company remained in Philadelphia during Miller’s tenure as chairman and chief executive. He retired from Provident Mutual in 1992,226 however, and his successor, L.J. "Bud" Rowell, Jr., apparently did not feel the same obligations to the City. It would appear that Miller pledged to the City of Philadelphia that the company would remain in Center City for at least ten years, but when that time had concluded, Rowell announced, in January 1995, that the Company would leave, with part of the work force to be relocated to the western suburb of Berwyn and part to Newark, Delaware.227 Eighteen months later Rowell retired and was succeeded by Robert W. Kloss.228 In August 2001, Kloss announced that Nationwide Financial Services Inc. would acquire Provident Mutual for $1.56 billion.229 The deal did not close until October 2002,230 at the substantially reduced price of $1.2 billion, but Kloss personally realized a cool $18 million in "severance and other payments."231 The Provident Mutual Life Insurance Company of Philadelphia is no more.
- 214. Philadelphia Tribune, in its issue for 24 June 1961.
- 215. Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, in its issue for 12 September 1961.
- 216. 3 March 1958. The Insurance Company of North America to the School District of Philadelphia. $500,000. 9.7355 acres. Recorded in Philadelphia Deed Book CAB.753.285.
- 217. Philadelphia Tribune, in its issue for 7 September 1965.
- 218. Ibid., in its issue for 15 January 1966.
- 219. The biographical information found here was taken from an obituary which was published in the Philadelphia Inquirer, in its issue for 19 April 1984.
- 220. Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, in its issue for 14 October 1964.
- 221. Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, in its issue for 28 October 1966.
- 222. For the biographical information which follows, see the Philadelphia Tribune, in its issue for 7 September 1968.
- 223. Philadelphia Inquirer, in its issue for 25 December 1962.
- 224. Ibid., in its issue for 7 November 1983, at page E-1.
- 225. Ibid., in its issue of 31 December 1983, at page B 6.
- 226. Ibid., in its issue of 20 March 1991, at page C 13.
- 227. Ibid., in its issue of 4 January 1995, at page D 1.
- 228. Ibid., in its issue of 13 July 1996, at page D 3.
- 229. Ibid., in its issue of 9 August 2001, at page C 1.
- 230. Ibid., in its issue of 3 October 2002, at page C 3.
- 231. Ibid., in its issue of 25 September 2002, at page C 1.
Essay by Mark Frazier Lloyd, in collaboration with Caleb C. Bradham, 2010